’WPC‘ Ä¢i“ܒt#=ŪwcsbøJ_ßKÜ(Ÿ¦#l†­“o#8ŪKøfį½a7†ŲĶ6^ ±°[/Rƒ‹F.Ż®Ō…ŲŒ$®]Įļ[™³Fͧ×%ž©Į÷ؼEøäėį… ‘=· ²‰(@oųh{·”¶:ƒ…£¾¾’̳»?,³Õ®æ3[Ž<{ õĖl‚:­RVč»bqōZ³ß1@/-S¹ōźF,XĪźZ(“@« a„į{Óį{×ŗ“÷Äg"a¦d Ó͇µc÷#JÆ •©ˆyBOU .– %Ä Ź 0tÕ D+IĘt 0t: 0C® AMńUN>JŒ 0uÖU,KU4w«nO»» 0Y w@c 4£ · m¹ Š U.Ų  JU.[‰<Xb”`(JournalX ›(L2dµ$©©Ż ƒÆ;!ŻŌ€2¼1XXŌÓŌļÓŻ  Ż'ČČČČdxd„ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(L2dµ$££Ż ƒÆ;!ŻŌ€2¼1XXŌÓŌļÓŻ  Ż(’’$••ņ ņŚ  ŚŚ  Śó óAż’<< c’’(ČhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular @Ż ƒ (x'ŻŌ€2|1XXŌÓŌļÓŻ  ݛԇō0™ õ12|ŌFirst€draft,€1993„4ą0  ąŌ#†2|1 õō0™M#Ōԇ Ā12|Ōą0h(#(#ąŌ#†2|1ĀĀ ®#Ōą0Ąh(#h(#ąą0Ą(#Ą(#ąą0p(#(#ą(M3(x$§§Ż ƒÆ;!ŻŌ€2|1XXŌÓŌļÓŻ  Ż.Ę< `Geneva1Ę< GenevaBold#|B¶«<Xb”`(JournalXXxXb” @€¶[X@.Ę< č` GenevaItalicJĘ< xGāž[X.Ę< `GenevalicXXpĘ< PGŁ [XP1Ę< GenevaBoldXXuĘ< šGg[X.Ę< `Genevadōō]Ę< PGŁ [ōP(1Æ;$””Ō€2Ü1XXŌÓŌļÓ ›œEžEŸ [”ϳµe¶Db·:'ALF1.H ’U‹’ĄĄĄ žŻ ƒ (x'ŻŌ€2|1XXŌÓŌļÓŻ  ݛԇ Ā12|ŌFirst€draft,€1993„4ą0  ąą0h(#(#ąŌ#†2|1ĀĀ M#Ōą0Ąh(#h(#ąą0Ą(#Ą(#ąą0p(#(#ą<Xb”`(Journal › @Ż ƒ (x'ŻŌ€2|1XXŌÓŌļÓŻ  ݛԇō0™ õ12|ŌFirst€draft,€1993„4ą0  ąŌ#†2|1 õō0™M#Ōԇ Ā12|Ōą0h(#(#ąŌ#†2|1ĀĀ ®#Ōą0Ąh(#h(#ąą0Ą(#Ą(#ąą0p(#(#ą<Xb”`(Journal Ż ƒÆ;!ŻŌ€2|1XXŌÓŌļÓŻ  Ż›Ó  ÓŃ8€ŖiXXdŌdČ8ŃńµńÖ€’’ÖńµńńµńÖ€’’ÖńµńŃ£ČŃĢŌ€ 2®½112|ŌĢń ńņ ņń ńĢą@Ž Ž =ģąTHE€DEVELOPMENT€AND€MAINTENANCE€ˆĢń”ńń³ńńµńÖ€ ’’ÖńµńńµńÖ€’’Öńµńń³ńń³ńÖ€’’Öń³ńń”ńą@ų ų <ģąOF€COMMUNITY€RESEARCH€PARTNER‚SHIPSń ńó óń ńˆŠ _ 3 ŠŌ€2ŗI11 2®½ŌĢą@RRBģąŌ‡ 2$#412ŗIŌŌ€ ōĮžõ4 2$#ŌŌ‡ X>uXõ ōĮžŌJean€J.€Schensul,€Ph.D.ˆŠ  Ż Šą@ØØ=ģąInstitute€for€Community€ResearchˆĢĢĢņ ņWhy€Create€Applied€Re‚search€PartnershipsŠ }Q  Šó óĢBuilding€community€based€action„research€partner‚ships€is€an€explicit€strategy€to€ensure€that€re‚searchĻapplied€to€community€development€or€change€in‚volves,€represents€and€re‚sponds€to€the€diversity€ofĻpar‚tici‚pants€in€the€communi‚ty€set‚ting;€and€that€communi‚ty€change€efforts€are€in‚formed€and€there‚foreĻ¢proac‚tive£€rather€than€reac‚tive.€ĢĢEvery€part‚nership€should€in‚clude€from€the€outset,€both€re‚searchers€and€non„re‚search‚ers€from€‚comƒ¼munity€sec‚tors,€and€ethnic,€age€and€gender€groups€considered€important€to€the€intervention.€This€willĻhave€several€critical€effects:€first,€it€will€ensure€that€the€research€questions€asked€are€rele‚vant€to€theĻconcerns€of€each€of€the€con‚stituen‚cies.€Second,€it€re‚quires€that€ques‚tions€and€the€issues€they€addressĻare€nego‚tiat‚ed€and€some€consensus€arrived€at.€Third,€it€ensures€the€involve‚ment€of€com‚muni‚ty€repreƒ¼senta‚tives€in€informa‚tion€collec‚tion.€This‚€serves€a€dual€purpose:€€that€of€in‚forming€the€information€colƒ¼lector,€and€that€of€informing€the€community.€And€finally,€in‚volve‚ment€in€all€aspects€of€the€researchĻguarantees€use€of€the€results€in€community€change€efforts€because€mem‚bers€of€the€research€team€areĻalso€actors€and€activists€in€the€change€effort.ĢĢThere€are€other€important€rea‚sons€for€building€community€action€research€part‚nerships.€Re‚searchersĻcannot€be€famil‚iar€with€all€of€the€com‚mu‚nities,€sectors€or€cultural€set‚tings€and€meanings€that€must€beĻconsid‚ered€in€the€project.€Part‚ner‚ships€with€community€leaders€or€organiza‚tions€can€pro‚vide€entryĻto€diverse€com‚muni‚ties€and€more€compre‚hen‚sive€and€relevant€under‚stand‚ing€of€the€com‚mu‚nity€settingĻin€which€the€re‚search€and€related€change€or€de‚velopment€strat‚egies€are€to€take€place.ĢĢThe€intention€of€the€re‚sea‚rch€is€both€to€produce€knowl‚edge€and€to€produce€"action"€„€better€ser‚vice,Ļchanges€in€poli‚cies,€etc.€€Community€partner‚ships€can€in‚volve€the€parties€or€sectors€likely€to€be€mostĻaffected€by€the€research€directly,€in€both€the€research€and€the€actions€that€flow€from€it.ĢResearch€is€improved€by€the€im‚portance€and€urgency€of€the€topic€it€addresses.€The€quality€of€aĻresearch€effort€is€improved€when€community€partnerships€are€in‚tensely€committed€to€the€results€andĻthere‚fore€to€en‚sur‚ing€the€quality€of€the€research.€Fur‚ther‚more,€dif‚ferences€of€opin‚ion€in€sub‚stance€andĻmethod€that€may€arise€among€researchers€and€their€partners€are€likely€to€be€thoroughly€analyzed,€disƒ¼cussed,€deb‚ated€and€resolved€in€the€con‚text€of€important€community€problem€solving.€Com‚munityĻpart‚ners€in€an€action„research€partnership€are€more€likely€to€know€what€will€work€and€what€will€notĻin€their€own€commu‚nities.€Even€small€re‚search€pro‚jects€re‚quire€a€diversi‚ty€of€skills,€meth‚ods,€apƒ¼proaches€and€values€that€cannot€be€met€by€a€homoge‚neous€re‚search€team€especially€when€there€is€aĻgenu‚ine€and€perva‚sive€commitment€to€bring€about€positive€community€change.€Š ×+«%, ЇCurrent€think‚ing€on€the€efficacy€of€pre‚vention€efforts€suggests€that€inter‚ven‚tions€can€only€be€effec‚tiveĻif€they€influ‚ence€sev‚eral€dif‚ferent€"levels"€or€"sectors€(for€example,€school,€communi‚ty,€and€family)Ļat€the€same€time.€¢Interse‚ctoral£€ap‚proaches€are€critical€to€commu‚nity€prob‚lem€solv‚ing.€Thus,€it€shouldĻbe€obvi‚ous€that€those€sectors€most€involved€in€the€issues€to€be€ad‚dressed€must€be€repre‚sent‚ed€in€anĻac‚tion€re‚search€part‚nership.€ĢĢEthnicity€and€inter„ethnic€de‚bate,€conflict€and€strife€have€taken€on€new€im‚por‚tance€over€the€lastĻdecade€both€in€the€United€States.€One€anthropologist€has€recently€pointed€out€that€over€275€ĢŌ#† ōĮžõX X>uy#ŌŌ‡ [>uXõ ōĮžŌethnic€conflicts€were€in€process€in€the€world€at€the€end€of€1994.€This€situa‚tion€begs,€demand€s€andŠ  č Šre‚quires€that€institŪŪutions€and€indi‚vidu‚als€work€toward€less€violent€and€more€positive€ways€of€re‚solvingĻconflict€at€home€and€abroad.€€Action€re‚search€partnerships€are€a€step€in€this€direction€for€theĻfollowing€reasons.€Actions€are€orga‚nized€to€solve€pressing€and€com‚monly€recognized€com‚muni‚tyĻproblems.€The€re‚search€pro‚cess€organizes€partners€to€raise€questions,€dia‚logue€and€move€theirĻthinking€and€analysis€be‚yond€the€obvious.€Re‚search€im‚proves€critical€thinking,€prob‚lem€solving€andĻanalysis€skills.€When€it€is€combined€with€good€facilita‚tion€and€the€ability€to€relate€to€deep„seatedĻemotional€responses€to€dif‚ference,€it€can€offer€a€pow‚er‚ful€set€of€tools€for€improving€communicationĻre‚quired€to€carry€out€action€part‚nerships.€ĢĢThis€working€paper€outlines€fac‚tors€to€consider€in€initiat‚ing€and€stabilizing€action€research€part‚nerƒ¼ships€in€community€settings.€Thro‚ugh‚out,€it€cites€exam‚ples€based€on€experi‚ences€at€the€In‚sti‚tute€forĻCommu‚nity€Research,€an€indepen‚dent€re‚search€insti‚tute€located€in€Hart‚ford,€Con‚necticut,€withĻpartnership€pro‚jects€thro‚ugh‚out€Connecticut,€the€south‚eastern€United€States€and€south‚east€Asia.€TheĻwork€of€the€Insti‚tute€for€Community€Research€is€based€on€princi‚ples€of€collaboration,€action€researchĻand€commu‚nity€change€in€di‚ve‚rse,€multieth‚nic€set‚tings.ĢĢĢņ ņBuilding€the€Community€Baseó óŠ žr ŠĢThe€initiation€of€an€action€re‚search€partnership€rests€on€three€critical€ele‚ments€„€(1)€the€pres‚ence,€inƒ¼fluence€and€insight€of€one€or€more€socially€commit‚ted€ap‚plied€social€science€re‚searchers;€(2)€the€parƒ¼tici‚pation€of€skilled,€kno‚wl‚edge„ori‚ented€activists;€€and€(3)€an€issue€or€problem€of€criti‚cal€inter‚est€toĻa€group€of€indi‚viduals,€institutions€or€agen‚cies€including€research‚ers€and€change€agents€(who€may€beĻone€and€the€same).€€ĢĢIn€order€for€the€researchers€to€be€effective€in€influencing€the€cre‚ation€of€a€collabora‚tive,€they€mustĻbe€sufficient‚ly€involved€in€the€life€of€the€target€commu‚ni‚ty€to€have€some€idea€of€which€topics€are€ofĻinterest,€and€which€individuals€might€be€called€to‚gether€to€discuss€these€topics.€€Thus,€the€first€stepĻfor€a€com‚mit‚ted€action€researcher€in€a€partnership€effort€is€in‚volve‚ment€in€the€local€com‚mu‚nity€orĻcom‚munities€in€which€research€may€take€place.ĢĢThe€š šcommunityšš€€may€consist€of€one€or€more€school€com‚muni‚ties,€a€network€of€health€or€ser‚viceĻprograms,€a€group€of€com‚munity€based€arts€organiza‚tions;€€a€geographic€area;€PTA,€a€group€ofĻcommunity€residents;€a€community€coalition.€There€must€be€at€least€one€identified€target€constituencyĻthat€will€benefit€from€the€research.Ģ.€Š (,ü%, ŠCom‚munity€re‚searchers€gener‚ally€begin€by€entering€one€or€more€local€com‚muni‚ties€and€identifyingĻa€num‚ber€of€inno‚vative€or€otherwise€distinc‚tive€educa‚tion€or€service€pro‚grams€and/or€key€peo‚ple.ĻEntry€should€follow€the€usual€proce‚dures€out‚lined€in€a€good€ethno‚graphy€text€including€identifi‚ca‚tionĻof€"key€informants"€or€knowledge‚able€people,€atten‚dance€at€(and€partic‚ipa‚tion€in)€impor‚tant€meet‚ings,Ļinter‚views€with€school€per‚sonnel€or€agency€heads,€re‚vi‚ews€of€local€newspa‚pers€and€talks€withĻcommu‚nity€residents,€parents,€teach‚ers,€service€pro‚viders,€artists€etc.€€ĢĢFor€action€researchers,€howev‚er,€these€entry€methods€take€on€an€addition‚al€level€of€impor‚ta‚nce€sinceĻresearchers€are€seek‚ing€to€identify€important€actors€in€relation€to€selected€topics,€as€well€as€toĻuncover€important€orienting€information.€ĢĢThe€entry€process€applies€to€those€who€may€originally€be€from€the€community,€as€well€as€to€thoseĻwho€are€entering€from€the€outside.€This€is€the€case€because€community€members€may€not€knowĻeverything€they€need€to€know€about€their€own€communities€with€reference€to€program€development.ĻEntering€the€setting€may€go€on€over€a€long€period€of€time,€as€one‚€local€expert€leads€to€anoth‚er,€andĻone€sec‚tor€is€found€to€inter‚face€with€another.€€ĢĢEventually€the€action€researchers€discov‚er€central‚€commu‚nity€or€in‚struc‚tional€concerns,€a€net‚workĻof€interest‚ed,€energetic€and€com‚mitted€core€actors,€and€a€set€of€institu‚tions,€programs,€or€indi‚vid‚u‚alsĻwho€may€be€called€to‚gether€to€institute€an€action€research€partnership.€Once€these€net‚works€areĻidenti‚fied,€they€or‚ga‚nize€and€reor‚ganized€into€differ‚ent€con‚fig‚urations€depend‚ing€on€the€particularĻtopic€of€concern.€ĢĢProjects€are€based€on€sev‚er‚al€important€principles€of€orga‚niza‚tion.€The€first€important€crite‚rion€forĻsuc‚cess€is€the€se‚lection€of€an€experienced€or€knowledgeable€facilitator.€The€chair€or€lead€facili‚tatorĻof€the€net‚work€should€be€someone€familiar€with€all€sectors€of€the€community€and€commit‚ted€toĻsupporting€the€involve‚ment€of€community€based€organizations€in€policy€and€plan‚ning.€This€personϐshould€be€suf‚ficiently€experienced‚‚€to€ensure€that€all€critical€decision„makers€to€bene‚fit€in€an‚d/or€beĻaffected€by€the€effort€will€be€in‚volved€in€the€earliest€planning€stages.€ĢĢA€second€criterion€is€inclu‚sion.€As€many€relevant€orga‚nizations,€agen‚cies€and€insti‚tutions€should€beĻincluded€in€the€initial€plan‚ning€stages€as€possible€and€feasible.€€Deci‚sions€in€favor€of€inclusion€shouldĻrest€on€the€potential€scope€of€the€project,€the€re‚sources€avail‚able,€€political€implications€of€exclu‚sion,Ļand€number€of€agencies€and€individ‚uals€with€whom€the€facilitator€feels€comfortable€work‚ing.€So‚meƒ¼times€a€collaborative€may€include€only€two€or€three€orga‚nizations.€At€other€times€it€may€include€upĻto€thirty.€In€these€projects,€ser‚vice/advoc‚acy€and€research€should€be€linked.€€If€linkage€problems€occurĻin€the€early€phases,€such€problems€must€be€solved€or€the€š šsplitšš€will€continue,€and€may€ultimatelyĻhave€negative€effects€on€the€action„research€efforts.€ĢĢThe€chair€or€lead€facilitator€should€be€familiar€with€the€prior‚ities€of€service€providers€and€administraƒ¼tors,€and€able€to€speak€to€and€support€these€priorities€while€promoting€the€integration€of€re‚search€intoĻprogram€plan‚ning.€Since€re‚search€is€frequently€viewed€as€an€unnecessary€or€undesir‚able€appendageĻto€pro‚gram€servic‚es,€it€is€critical€to€demon‚strate€to€doubt‚ing€service€per‚sonnel€that€infor‚ma‚tion€col‚lecƒ¼tion€(and€later€on,€theory€or€model€build‚ing)€can€be€immedi‚ately€useful€to€their€work,€and€thus€shouldĻbe€integrat‚ed€into€it.Š (,ü%, ЇInitiators€should€decide€early€on€the€cultural€content€of€the€pro‚ject,€i.e.€whether€the€project€will€beĻmultiethnic€and€multi€cultural€in€its€ap‚proach€and€in€what€ways€the€development€and€implement‚ingĻof€multi€cultural€interven‚tions€should€be€ad‚dressed.€ĢĢInterven‚tions€may€explore€levels€of€cul‚tural€rele‚vance.€€Because€we€have€not€yet€achieved€his‚toricalĻaccuracy,€and€many€dimensions€of€national€and€ethnic€histories€remain€uncov‚ered,€even€ethnic€minoriƒ¼ty€orga‚ni‚za‚tions€may€not€be€well€in‚formed€about€the€cultural€char‚acter‚istics€of€their€constitu‚en‚cies.ĻCommunity€educators€and€interventionists€must€be€trained€to€identi‚fy€these€c‚harac‚ter‚istics€and€toĻreconstruct€history€be‚fore€they€can€build€cultur‚ally€appropriate€inter‚ven‚tions.€€It€is€critical€to€rememƒ¼ber€that€"cul‚ture"€is€not€mono‚lithic.€each€target€pop‚ula‚tion€may€have€its€own€cultur‚al€pro‚file€withinĻa€specific€ethnic/cultural€or€social/racial€group.€€Ongoing€as‚sess‚ment€of€cultural€characteris‚tics€andĻcul‚ture€change€should€be€built€into€the€job€descriptions€of€all€pro‚ject€staff.€ĢĢIncentives€and€equitable€ex‚cha‚nge€of€resources€is€critical€to€the€suc‚cess€of€the€project.€€Ex‚changeĻstrength‚ens€institutional€commit‚ment€to€the€project.€Orga‚nizations€and€community€leaders€will€particƒ¼ipate€in€action€research€efforts€when€incentives€are€strong€and€attractive.€€In‚cen‚tives€may€be€financial,Ļso‚cial,€political.€ĢĢFurther,€com‚mit‚ment€to€the€effort€is€gr‚eatly€strengthened€when€all€partici‚pating€organiza‚tions€identi‚fyĻconcretely€both€what€they€hope€to€gain€and€what€contribu‚tions€they€can€make€to€the€pro‚gram.€Roles,Ļex‚pecta‚tions,€and€in€„kind€and€other€contri‚butions€to€a€action€re‚search€partnership€sho‚uld€be€clearlyĻand€for‚mal‚ly€artic‚ulated€before€the€project€be‚gins,€and€should€be€reviewed€regularly€during€the€courseĻof€the€project.ĢĢŌ#† ōĮžõX [>uƒ#ŌŌ‡ [>uXõ ōĮžŌŌ#†[Ž” [X [>u;#ŌŌ‡ [>uX [[Ž”ŌĢņ ņIdentifying€the€Prob‚lem/Building€the€Program€ModelŌ#†[Ž” [X [>u²2#ŌŌ‡ [>uX [[Ž”ŌŌ#† ōĮžõX [>up2#ŌŌ‡ [>uXõ ōĮžŌŠ Į• Šó óĢOnce€a€working€group€is€identi‚fied,€it€must€come€to€consensus€on€the€direction€of€its€work.€€A€gen‚eralĻinterest€or€issue€such€as€"building€communities€through€the€arts",€€"youth„driv‚en€com‚munityĻeducation€cen‚ters"€€or€"preventing€gang„related€vio‚lence",€may€bring€peo‚ple€to‚geth‚er€ini‚tial‚ly.€€ButĻthe€general€nature€of€these€topics€is€insuffi‚cient€to€focus€a€project€or€pro‚gram.€€How€can€a€focus€beĻidenti‚fied?€€A€simple€procedure€is€the€fol‚lowing:€€ĢĢņ ņIdentifying€the€"dependent€vari‚able"€or€the€central€prob‚lem€to€be€addressedŠ ©"}! Šó óĢTo€arrive€at€the€"dependent€vari‚able"€members€of€the€collabora‚tive€network€are€asked€by€a€facil‚itatorĻto€identify€a€series€of€spe‚cific€issues€in€the€domain€of€gen‚eral€concern€to€the€group.€Such€issues€mightĻinclude€"sub‚stance€abuse€among€high€school€youth",€infant€mortal‚ity,€ethnic€differenc‚es€in€readingĻachievement€level€of€first€grad‚ers,€etc.€€The€group€then€de‚fines,€and€prioritizes€each€of€the€specificĻis‚sues.€€ĢĢThe€most€significant€issue€is€then€translated€into€the€depen‚dent€variable,€an‚d/or€a€problem€stat‚ement.ĻThe€dependent€vari‚able€be‚comes€the€focus€of€re‚search;€the€problem€statement€be‚com‚es€the€focus€ofĻthe€pro‚ject€or€activity€of€the€group,€or€the€problem€to€be€affected€or€changed.€ĢŠ (,ü%, Šņ ņIdentifying€the€"causal"€fac‚tors€that€appear€to€in‚fluence€the€issue€or€prob‚lem.€Š , Šó óĢTo€complete€the€model,€€partici‚pants€discuss€and€debate€the€multi‚tude€of€fac‚tors€that€relate€to,€cause,Ļor€"precede"€the€de‚pen‚dent€variable/problem.€They€then€desig‚nate€the€relationships€among€thoseĻfactors,€as€they€themselves€under‚stand,€and€agree€upon€those€rela‚tion‚ships.€If€an€hypothesized€relaƒ¼tionship€cannot€be€clearly€defined,€the€group€must€seek€new€informa‚tion€to€clarify€it.€The€result€ofĻthis€analysis€is€a€"system"€of€interact‚ing€factors€that€impact€on€the€issue€or€problem€„€a€theoreti‚calĻmodel.€The€modeling€process€may€continue€to€explore€consequences€of€the€š šproblemšš€in€the€sameĻway.€ą  ąŠ  č ŠĢOnce€partners€have€decided€on€the€central€problem€and€the€primary€factors€associ‚ated€with€it,€theyĻmay€choose€from€several€differ‚ent€alter‚na‚tives.€€If€there€is€no€information€on€the€problem,€they€mayĻwish€to€choose€a€basic€research€project€intended€to€provide€the€basis€for€intervention.€A€research€and€Ļintervention€pro‚gram€might€focus€on€basic€re‚search€or€needs€as‚sessment.€€To€use€asthma€as€anĻexample,€a€basic€research€project€could€explore€descriptively€the€importance€and€meaning€of€asthmaĻin€an€urban€neighborhood.€€Or€it€could€explore€specific€factors€associated€with€an€identified€rise€inĻasthma€such€as€limited€access€to€providers,€misinterpretation€of€symptoms,€or€environmentalĻpollution.€A€third€alternative€could€be€to€assess€the€consequences€of€asthma€on€childrenššs€schoolĻperformance€and€activity€levels.€€ĢĢĢResearch€and€development€is€another€option.€€In€such€instances,€the€collaborative€would€conductĻresearch€on€an€aspect€of€asthma€which€is€intended€to€lead€to€an€intervention€program,€conduct€theĻprogram€and€evaluate€it.€€Both€evaluation€and€basic€research€could€have€implications€for€policyĻrelated€to€asthma€prevention€and€control.€The€specific€approach€to€research€and€action€in€the€formĻof€program€or€policy,€will€depend€on€the€skills€of€the€group,€the€availability€and€con‚straints€ofĻfunding,€and€the€de‚gree€to€which€sufficient€infor‚ma‚tion€about€the€situation€is€deter‚mined€to€exist.ĢĢThere€are€cases€where€there€is€believed€to€be€sufficient€prior€information€to€frame€an€intervention.€ĻOr,€¢funders£€may€not€see€the€need€for€preliminary€research€or€evaluation.€In€such€instances,‚Ļpartnerships€may€determine€the€direction€of€a€program€based€on€their€š šoperational€modelšš,€even€whenĻthey€cannot€evaluate€it.€ĢĢĢņ ņBuilding€an€Operational€Mod‚el€for€Research€leading€to€Changeó óŠ †#Z" ŠĢTo€build€an€operational€model,€the€group€translates€each€factor€from€vari‚able€to€problem€to€be€adƒ¼dressed€and€works€with€both.€For€a€re‚search€project,€the€group€deter‚mines€which€of€the€independentĻvariables€are€criti‚cal€to€the€model€and€feasi‚ble€to€investigate€given€time,€resourc‚es€and€cultural€senƒ¼sitivity.€€For€an€interven‚tion€pro‚ject,€the€group€will€determine€which€of€the€"pro‚blems"€affecting€theĻdepen‚dent€variable€can€be€modi‚fied€or€changed,€given€the€above€con‚straints.€The€result€is€anĻoperation‚al€model€for€re‚search€or€practice.ĢĢTo€summarize,€the€steps€permitting€transformation€of€a€basic€research€model€into€an€interven‚tionĻmodel€are:€Š (,ü%, Їo€ą0  ąDetermining€which€c‚aus‚al€factors€can€be€affected€and€which€cannot,€given€the€con‚straints€ofŠ , Štime,€human€resources,€culture€and€money.Š (#(# ŠĢoą0  ąAnticipating€what€ch‚ang‚es€might€be€brought€about€in€the€causal€fac‚tors.ŠĆ—(#(# ŠĢoą0  ąAnticipating€what€ch‚ang‚es€might€result€in€the€depen‚dent€variable.€Š} Q(#(# ŠĢņ ņBrokering€Funding€Possi‚bili‚tiesó óŠ 7  ŠĢApart€from€the€urgency€of€the€need,€the€most€critical€factor€trig‚gering€the€interest€of€mem‚bers€of€aĻresearch€network€or€collabora‚tive€is€the€promise€of€funding€or€addi‚tional€resources.€ĢĢRe‚searchers€or€research/action€teams€who€call€together€poten‚tial€consortia€mem‚bers€must€facilitateĻa€set€of€ideas€suffi‚ciently€compelling€to€bind€the€network€into€a€joint€vision€and€mission.€At€the€sameĻtime,€these€ideas€must€be€coordi‚nat‚ed€with€funding€sources,€and€funding€sources€must€be€identi‚fiedĻand€recep‚tive€to€the€ideas.€€If€projects€depend€on€outside€funding,€facilitators€can€ex‚pect€no€more€thanĻš štwo€chanc‚es"€to€obtain€necessary€support..€Otherwise€the€partners€may€become€discouraged€andĻdisappear.€Alternatively,€a€consortium€may€decide€to€move€ahead€without€funding,€depending€on€theĻresources€available€to€them€including€¢inkind£€time€and€contributed€communications€and€meetingĻexpenses.€€Generally,€however,€better€research€is€conducted€when€additional€resources€are€available.€ĢĢOften€projects€must€be€adapt‚ed€to€the€interests€of€¢funders£€and€chang‚es€must€be€negoti‚ated€with€theĻresearch€collab‚orative.€In€the€case€of€the€previously€mentioned€AIDS€project,€mem‚bers€of€the€consorƒ¼tium€had€earlier€deter‚mi‚ned€the€need€for€a€city„wide€intervention€project.€€The€Centers€for€DiseaseĻCon‚trol,€however,€working€through€the€State€De‚partment€of€Health€Services,€had€determined€thatĻa€probabili‚ty„based€¢KAB£€study€was€required€to€provide€base‚line€data€for€the€state,€and€to€interfaceĻwith€con‚venience€sam‚ples€in€other€parts€of€the€state.€The€consortium€agreed€to€ac‚cept€the€¢KAB£€studyĻwith€the€hope€that€it€would€pro‚vide€the€basis€for€generating€a€much„needed€city„wide€interven‚tion.ĢĢĢņ ņNegotiating€the€Roles€of€Col‚labo‚rating€Membersó óŠ  ę ŠĢWhen€an€action€research€partner„€‚ship€includes€a€number€of€dif‚ferent€organi‚za‚tions€or€institu‚tions,€theĻroles€of€each€must€be€clari‚fied.€€Even€before€a€collabo‚ration€is€agreed€upon,€the€pro‚spective€roles€ofĻpartici‚pating€organizations€should€be€consid‚ered.€ĢĢLimit‚ed€resources€usually€pre‚clude€duplication€of€services.€Thus€conflicts€may€arise€among€organiƒ¼zations€in€the€con‚sor‚tium€which€play€simi‚lar€roles€in€the€communi‚ty.€€Ways€to€ad‚dress€these€poten‚tialĻcon‚flicts€in€ad‚vance€should€be€found,€and€only€the€criti‚cal€organiza‚tions€should€be€invited€to€particiƒ¼pate€in€the€consor‚tium.€ĢĢ‚Partici‚pating€organi‚za‚tions€generally€have€agen‚das,€policies€and€needs,€which€should€be€spelled€outĻcon‚trac‚tually€or€in€letters€of€agree‚ment€in€advance.€€If€these€organiza‚tional€characteristics€are€not€reƒ¼vealed€until€after€the€pro‚gram€is€funded,€they€may€come€into€conflict€with€the€over‚all€program€andĻintentions€of€the€partnership,€and€thus€threat‚en€its€integrity.€€Š (,ü%, ЇńµńńµńIt€is€wise€to€keep€in€mind€that€the€situa‚tions€of€par‚tici‚pating€organiza‚tions€may€shift€and€change€at€anyĻtime€during€the€implemen‚tation€of€a€pro‚gram.€These€cha‚nges€may€af‚fect€the€mission,€direction,€reƒ¼source€level,€super‚visory€capac‚i‚ty,€reputa‚tion€and€other€dimen‚si‚ons€of€the€institu‚tion.€Any€suchĻchanges€should€be€identi‚fied,€discussed,€stud‚ied€and€rene‚gotiated€as€they€occur€and€their€implica‚tionsĻcommunicated€to€the€rest€of€the€consortium€in€order€to€avoid€gossip€and€mis‚un‚der‚st‚and‚ing.€ĢĢIn€the€AIDS€Community€Re‚search€Group€„€a€multiethnic€AIDS€preven‚tion€action€research€partnershipĻorganized€by€the€Institute€for€Community€Re‚search,€each€member€organi‚za‚tion€in€this€re‚search€netƒ¼work€took€on€a€dif‚ferent€set€of€re‚sponsibilities€in€relation€to€the€project.€€The€Insti‚tute€for€Com‚munityĻRe‚search€was€re‚spon‚sible€for€overall€manage‚ment€and€coor‚dina‚tion€of€field€inter‚viewing,€coding€ofĻdata€and€report€writ‚ing€and€data€utiliza‚tion.€The€Hispanic€Health€Coun‚cil€entered€and€man‚aged€dataĻand€partici‚pated€in€re‚port€writ‚ing.€The€Urban€League€com‚plet‚ed€an€ethno‚graphic€study€of€the€develƒ¼opment€of€AIDs€pro‚gram‚ming€in€the€city;€and€the€Hartford€Health€Depart‚ment€con‚ducted€train‚ingĻin€AIDS,€and€review€and€dis‚semination€of€re‚sults.€Eventually€this€partnership€resulted€in€a€muchĻlarger€pre‚vention€research€and€advocacy€consortium.ĢĢIn€the€Brighter€Futures€for€Hart‚ford€Children€Partnership,€guid‚ed€by€the€Institute€for€Commu‚nityĻResearch,€overlapping€pro‚ject€net‚works€were€integrated€into€a€program€of€par‚ent€educa‚tion€forĻprevention€of€disabilities€and€an€audiological€assessment€project€for€the€pre‚vention€of€¢otitis£€media€andĻlan‚guage€and€learning€disabili‚ties€in€young€African€American€and€Latino€children.€This€partnershipĻin‚cluded€11€member€organiza‚tions€which€delivered€audiologi‚cal€assessment,€treatment€and€educationĻservices€on€both€a€contractual€and€in„kind€ba‚sis,€held€together€by€an€MIS€system€and€ongoingĻparticipatory€evalu‚ation.€ĢĢDuring€the€early€months€of€the€program,€differ‚ences€of€opinion€oc‚curred€around€the€degree€to€whichĻcommunity€educators€/advo‚cates€in€the€pro‚gram€were€to€become€direct‚ly€involved€in€services€to€chilƒ¼dren€with€disabili‚ties€versus€community€educa‚tion€with€par‚ents€at€risk.€After€consid‚erable€debate,€theĻSteer‚ing€Com‚mittee€eventually€ar‚rived€at€a€compro‚mise€which€in‚cluded€both.€The€partnership€wasĻstrong€enough,€after€four€years€of€practice,€to€redefine€itself€as€a€primary€health€care€ser‚vice,€and€toĻdissolve€itself€in€order€to€obtain€Medicaid€Reim‚bursement.€€€ĢĢAction€research€partnerships€must€in‚clude€a€recognized€need€for€in‚for‚mation.€A€community's€needĻfor€"more€information"€drives€the€action€research€‚part‚nership's€effort.€€Activists€and€pro‚gram€developƒ¼ers€should€be€convinced€that€infor‚ma‚tion€will€be€use‚ful€to€their€goals.€Before€a€pro‚ject€is€nego‚tiated,Ļpart‚ners€must€have€a€good€sense€of€what€types€of€pro‚jects€can€work€in€action€‚re‚search€‚partner‚ships.ĻThey€must€rec‚ognize€the€rela‚tive€ad‚vantages€of€re‚search,€policy€as‚sessment,€re‚search€training,€reƒ¼search€and€dem‚on‚stration,€eval‚u‚ation€and€know€how€to€select€among€these€alterna‚tives,€when€negotiƒ¼ating€a€project.€€Fur‚ther,€re‚searchers€must€have€a€strong€sense€of€research€design,€and€extensiveĻknowl‚edge€of€re‚sea‚rch€methods€in€order€to€know€what€elements€of€a€project€can€be€negotiat‚ed,€andĻwhat€cannot€in€order€to€maintain€the€integrity€of€the€research€design.ĢĢAction€research€partnerships€must€in‚volve€joint€negotiations€and€deci‚sion„making.€All€members€ofĻa€consortium€should€make€policy€decisions€together€in€areas€such€as,€for€example,€hiring€coordinationĻstaff,€research€and€intervention€methodology,€which€communities€and€agencies€to€work€with‚,€theĻdevelopment€partnership€structures€and€new€direc‚tions€and€approaches€to€disseminating€results.€ItŠ (,ü%, Šbenefits€and€strengthens€a€con‚sortium€if€member€organi‚za‚tions€"cost€share",€especially€whenĻprograms€are€allocated€so€that€income€flows€roughly€equal‚ly€among€consortium€members.ĢĢNew€organizations€may€be€fi‚nancially€as€well€as€structurally€fragile.€€They€may€require€moreĻmaintenance,€both€financial€and€technical,€than€more€estab‚lished€organizations.€€This€should€not€preƒ¼clude€their€inclu‚sion€in€a€consortium,€but€does€suggest€that€special€con‚sider‚ation€be€given€to€theĻnumber€of€newly€con‚stituted€organiza‚tions€included€in€a€partnership.€ĢĢEach€time€a€new€orga‚nization€or€group€is€brought€into€a€partnership,€the€history,€ratio‚nale,€guidelinesĻfor€participa‚tion,€and€role€of€each€member€of€the€network€should€be€reiter‚ated.€Attention€given€toĻtransi‚tions€in€„€and€out„€of€partner‚ships€will€pay€off€handsomely€in€the€end,€by€reducing€misunderƒ¼standings,€distrust€and€retaining€potential€for€new€partnership€relations€in€the€future.€ĢĢBecause€the€con‚duct€of€re‚se‚arch€in€local€com‚munities€can€be€a€sensi‚tive€matter,€joint€de‚velop‚mentĻand€imple‚menta‚tion€of€research€and€interven‚tion€or€program€meth‚ods€is€critical.€ĢĢFinally,€action€research€partner‚ships€must€careful‚ly€plan€ways€in€which€they€can€collabo‚rate€in€deciƒ¼sions€regarding€the€use€of€informa‚tion/re‚sults€or€dissemi‚na‚tion.€They€must€es‚tab‚lish€ground€rules€forĻoper‚ation€early€in€the€develop‚ment€of€joint€work.€€These€ground€rules€re‚late€to€how€roles€andĻresponsi‚bili‚ties€of€principal€investigators,€directors,€and€other€project€staff,€‚‚€lines€of€au‚thority,€prob‚lemĻsolving€and€fiscal€man‚agement€are€decided,€arranged€and€m‚oni‚tored.ĢĢRegarding€management,€one€(or€no€more€than€two€)€orga‚nizations€should€be€included€in€overallĻreporting€responsibility.€‚€How‚ever,€all€pro‚ject€directors,€princi‚pal€in‚vesti‚gators€and€other€man‚agersĻmust€be€prepared€to€share€staff,€resourc‚es,€informa‚tion,€visibility€and€credit€with€the€mem‚bers€of€theĻnetwork.€And€all€project€staffs€should€be€encouraged€to€keep€in€mind€cross„agency€responsibility€forĻthe€quality€of€their€work.€ĢĢFor€maintenance€purposes,€action„research€partnerships€should€be€"bo‚und‚ed"€i.e.€their€bound‚ariesĻmust€be€defined€and€dif‚ferenti‚ated.€Rules€for€recogniz‚ing€participa‚tion€in€research€net‚work€should€beĻde‚vel‚oped€and€clarified.€Action€re‚search€part‚nerships€involve€indi‚vidu‚als€as€well€as€organiza‚tions€thatĻdo€not€neces‚sarily€have€experi‚ence€with€research,€and€that€do€not€al‚ways€value€it€eq‚ual‚ly€with€theĻother€activities€in€which€they€engage.€€One€of€the€responsibil‚ities€of€the€lead€investigators‚€and€otherĻadministrators,€is€to€ensure€that€all€partici‚pants€in€a€action€‚re‚search€‚partnership€are€in‚volv‚ed€and€feelĻas€if€they€are€part€of€the€action€research€endeav‚or.€€One€critical€element€in€ensuring€participa‚tion€isĻfull€understanding€of€the€research,€its€overall€meaning€to€the€community,€and€its€expected€re‚sults.€ĢA€second€is€to€credit€all€par‚tici‚pants€in€re‚search€relat‚ed€activ‚ities€includ‚ing€data€anal‚y‚sis,€data€presenƒ¼tation,€written€arti‚cles,€and€other€means€of€dis‚seminating€ma‚terials.€€ĢĢThe€em‚phasis€here€is€on€recog‚niz‚ing€participation€(as€distin‚guished€from€ensur‚ing€par‚tici‚pation).ĻRules€require€that€all€participat‚ing€enti‚ties€be€respect‚ed,€re‚mem‚bered,€included,€re‚ferred€to€andĻcredited€even€if€they€do€not€all€participate€at€the€same€level€all€the€time.€Partici‚pat‚ing€agen‚cies€orĻentities€that€pursue€limit‚ed,€irregular€or€un‚predictable€involvement,€or€who€do€not€abide€by€the€rulesĻof€the€re‚search€net‚work,€should€be€con‚fr‚ont‚ed€by€the€designated€man‚agement€body.€ĢŠ (,ü%, Їņ ņMaintaining€Stability€in€Act‚ion€R‚esearch€Partnerships€ó óŠ , ŠĢCommunity€action€research€partnerships€are€not€always€successful.€What€leads€to€suc‚cessfulĻcollabora‚tion?€€Com‚mu‚nity€research€partner‚ships€(or€other€partnerships)€are€likely€to€run€smoothlyĻwhen€the€net‚work€is€stable.€€Stable€net‚works€are€de‚fined€by€the€stabili‚ty€of€each€par‚ticipating€organiƒ¼za‚tion,€and€by€the€length€of€time,€and€soli‚darity€of€rela‚tion‚ship€of€the€par‚ticipants.€€The€participationĻof€one€or€more€new€organi‚za‚tions€which€have€not€yet€established€clear„cut€identi‚ties,€or€sufficientĻstaff€or€income,€is€a€constraint€be‚cause€the€new€organization€has€an€emerging€and€changing‚€identity,Ļfaces€funding€constraints‚,€and€may€find€that€it€must€deploy€con‚sor‚tium€project€staff€for€other€organiƒ¼zation‚al€purpos‚es.€ĢĢConsortia€accrue€strength€through€planning.€Although€there€is€an€ideal€balance€be‚tween€plan‚ning€andĻproject€funding€and€startup,€a€longer€planning€period€will€consol‚idate€working€relation‚ships€amongĻconsortia€members€and€provide€the€network€with€valuable€expe‚rience€needed€to€resolve€the€conflictsĻwhich€must€inevitably€arise€later€on.ĢĢIt€is€critical€to€the€stability€of€the€consortium€to€obtain€agreement€of€board€and€staff€of€participat‚ingĻorganizations€that€research€is€important.€€If€resistance€to€re‚search€and€its€uses€exists€at€any€level€orĻmisunderstanding€or€mistrust€occurs,€consortium€decisions€in‚volv‚ing€data€collection,€publi‚ca‚tion€andĻuse€are€likely€to€be€questioned.€Mistrust€arising€be‚tween€one€orga‚nization€and€the€rest€of€the€consorƒ¼tium€around€the€conduct€of€re‚search€will€nega‚tively€influence€the€rest€of€the€network€and€should€beĻimmediately€addressed.ĢĢFinally,€consortia€are€as€strong€as€their€individual€members.€When€steering€committee€mem‚bers€areĻexperienced€directors€or€appoint‚ed€substitutes€with€strong€com‚munica‚tion€skills,€conflicts€andĻń¶ń¢ń¶ń¢miscomń¶ń£„¢ń¶ńmunica‚tions£ń¶ń£ń¶ń€among€con‚sortium€mem‚bers€can€be€ad‚dressed€easily.€€When€they€areĻinexperienced,€conflicts€more€readily€occur.€When€partici‚pants€understand€and€value€data,€theĻinevitable€conflicts€be‚tween€research€and€service€can€be€more€easily€mini‚mized.€€When€the€adminisƒ¼trative€structures€of€par‚tici‚pating€orga‚nizations€are€clear€and€well€established,€consor‚tium€mem‚bersĻcan€specify€how€they€ex‚pect€to€operate€under€the€con‚sortium€struc‚ture€and€can€nego‚ti‚ate€inter‚agencyĻdifferences€when€necessary.€ĢĢUnstable€networks€are€char‚ac‚ter‚ized€by€conflict€among€mem‚bers€at€all€levels.€One€common€reasonĻfor€conflict€is€inconsis‚tency€of€internal€supervision€in€participating€agencies,€€resulting€in€lack€ofĻcompliance€with€work€require‚ments.€€This€problem€can€result€in€interagen‚cy€resentments€and/orĻcompeti‚tion€and€create€ill€will€and€lack€of€cooperation€within€the€con‚sortium.€Signifi‚cant€differencesĻin€personnel€or€institutional€policies€or€oper‚ating€proce‚dures€across€con‚sortium€mem‚bers€can€alsoĻcreate€instabil‚ity.€€Such€differences€may€result€in€differential€pay€scales€and€con‚sequent€loss€ofĻpersonnel€or€internal€competition€for€project€personnel.€€Further,€differences€in€institutional€policiesĻmay€make€it€difficult€or€impossible€to€imple‚ment€educational€or€other€pro‚grams€in€project€sites.€ĢĢOrganizations€may€enter€con‚sor‚tium€relationships€without€being€straight€for‚ward€about€their€rea‚sonsĻfor€participating€or€with€differ‚ent€reasons€for€partici‚pating€among€sectors€or€depart‚ments.€Hidden€orĻunknown€agendas€will€appear€and€may€conflict€with€expressed€mutu‚al€interests.€Final‚ly,€an€im‚portantĻdestabilizing€influ‚ence€is€the€failure€to€develop€a€shared€lan‚guage,€set€of€mean‚ings€and€mission€for€theŠ (,ü%, Šproject.€Failure€may€stem€from€dif‚ferent€interpre‚tations€of€the€same€conceptual€vocabu‚lary;€from€lackĻof€under‚standing€of€the€vocabulary€of€the€project;€or€from€discomfort€with€the€project's€con‚ceptualĻframe‚work.€€It€is€wise€to€spend€considerable€time€initially,€and€from€time€to€time€in€consortiumĻretreats,€to€revisit€the€mission€of€the€project€and€the€way€it€is€translated€into€practice.€€ĢĢĢņ ņConclusionsó óŠ Z . ŠĢThis€paper€has€considered€the€initial€stages€in€the€devel‚opment€of€action€research€partnerships.€ĢNone€of€the€steps€outlined€above€is€simple;€€each€step€takes€con‚sider‚able€time€and€effort.€€The€drivingĻforces€in€the€process€are€threefold:ĢĢ(1)€com‚pelling€commit‚ment€to€the€issue€under€consider‚ation;€ĢĢ(2)€€recognition€that€only€a€joint€community€based€effort€will€be€sufficient€to€begin€to€address€it€in€aĻcomprehensive€manner;€ĢĢ(3)€the€shared€belief€that€infor‚ma‚tion€obtained€through€some€form€of€research€or€evaluation€is€criticalĻto€the€undertaking.€€ĢĢAt€a€time€when€resources€are€scarce€and€community€ser‚vice,€health€and€educational€needs€areĻpressing,€and€the€process€of€Ģb‚ring‚ing€people€together€to€solve€com‚mon€problems€is€time„consuming,€it€is€all€too€easy€to€forget€theĻimpor‚tance€of€in‚formation€in€the€prob‚lem€solving€process.€ĢĢFor€service€providers€work‚ing€with€clients,€this€may€be€especially€the€case,€since€data€collection€reƒ¼quires€"pa‚per‚work"€which€takes€time€away€from€clients,€and€can€easi‚ly€be€seen€as€"interfering€with"Ļthe€provider/client€relation‚ship.€Fur‚thermore,€some€parties€to€a€con‚sortium€may€believe€that€if€validĻand€reliable€informa‚tion€were€available,€it€could€contra‚dict€their€interests.€Finally,€espe‚cially€whenĻresearch€is€viewed€not€as€a€tool€for€commu‚nity€de‚velopment,€but€as€an€instrument€of€external€control,Ļappreciation€for€and€trust€of€the€research€en‚ter‚prise€may€be€low.ĢĢNo€one€can€deny€that€prob‚lems€are€pressing,€or€that€paperwork€should€be€kept€to€a€minimum.ĻCertainly€infor‚mation€may€con‚tra‚dict€our€strongly€held€beliefs.€Re‚search€has€indeed€been€used€toĻoppose€the€best€inter‚ests€of€local€communities.€ĢĢOn€the€other€hand,€research€con‚ducted€collaborativ‚ely€in€a€com‚mu‚nity€action€setting€holds€the€greatƒ¼est€promise€for€developing€a€com‚mon€base€for€understand‚ing€a€complex€prob‚lem€in€its€broadĻperspective€(the‚ory);€for€empha‚sizing€the€neces‚sity€for€critical€and€careful€think‚ing€about€the€problemĻ(method);€for€collecting€informa‚tion€about€the€breadth€and€scope€of€the€prob‚lem€(data€collec‚tion);Ļfor€trans‚forming€"cli‚ent"€into€"re‚search€collabora‚tor"€and€for€as‚sessing€the€effectiveness€of€theĻprogram€in€the€community€(anal‚y‚sis€and€evaluation).€ĢĢIn€the€world€of€€academic€re‚search,€(or€research€and€devel‚op‚ment)€a€research€project€is€con‚ductedĻand€the€results€dis‚semi‚nated,€general‚ly€to€other€academ‚ically€based€scien‚tists.€In€the€do‚main€of€socialŠ (,ü%, Š(in€con‚trast€to€medical)€research,€dis‚semina‚tion€only€occasionally€influ‚ences€poli‚cy€makers.€It€rare‚lyĻinfluences€(except€indi‚rectly€and€in€ways€that€are€not€within€their€own€their€control)€thoseĻcommunities€and€institu‚tions€which€stand€out‚side€of€both€the€research€and€"policy„making"€arenas.€ĢĢAction€research€partnerships€inte‚gr‚ate€research€(as€theory,€meth‚od,€data€collection€and€results)€intoĻboth€local€pro‚gram€and€local€policy€mak‚ing.€In€its€em‚phasis€on€part‚nership,€it€offers€a€critical€opporƒ¼tunity€for€eliminat‚ing€the€differ‚en‚tial€rank‚ing€of€research€and€prac‚tice€(ser‚vice),€university€and€comƒ¼munity€and€provider€and€client.€Ģ€€€€€€ĢššššššššššššššššššššššššššššššššššššššššŠ ń Å  ŠĢThe€Institute€for€Community€Re‚search€is€an€independent,€multi‚eth‚nic,€nonprofit€ap‚plied€re‚searchĻinstitute€dedi‚cated€to€the€innovative€use€of€research€to€assist€communi‚ties€and€non„profit€organizaƒ¼tions€serving€them€to€identify€and€solve€com‚munity€prob‚lems€with€informa‚tion.€The€Institute€conductsĻdemo‚gra‚phic€surveys,€builds€collabo‚ra‚tive€in‚tervention€re‚search€net‚works,€supports€com‚mu‚nity€andĻcultural€identity€through€documen‚tation€and€presentation€of€heritage€and€community€arts,€and€proƒ¼motes€the€results€of€its€work€through€training€and€techni‚cal€assis‚tance.ĢĢššššššššššššššššššššššŠ ¶Š ŠĢOther€topics€in€the€Institute's€1993/94€Occasional€Papers€in€Applied€Research€Methods€series€includeĻš šEthics,€Ethnicity€and€Cultural€Competencešš€Ō#† ōĮžõX [>um3#ŌŌ‡ X>uXõ ōĮžŌ,Ō#† ōĮžõX X>u’#ŌŌ‡ [>uXõ ōĮžŌ‚€"What€com‚mu‚nities€should€expect€from€their€researchƒŠ M! Šers",€š šConducting€Culturally€appropriate€evaluationsšš,€š šTraining€teens€to€conduct€action€researchĻprojectsšš€and€š šConducting€group€interviews€in€formal€and€informal€settingsšš.€For€more€information,Ļcontact€Jean€J.€Schensul,€Ph.D.,€Institute€for€Community€Researchń›ń,€2€Hań›ńńœńń›ńertfordń›ńńœńńńrtford€SńńńžńńńuańńńžńńŸńquare€West,€Ste.Ļ100,€Hartford,€CT.€¢06l06£.ńŸńĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢŌ#†[Ž” [X [>u+3#ŌŌ#†ō• õ [[ޔՐ#Ԝ